|
The ''Ukrainische Hilfspolizei'' or the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police () was the official title of the local police force established by Nazi Germany during World War II on the Nazi-occupied portion of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic; shortly after the German conquest in Operation Barbarossa, it was renamed ''Reichskommissariat Ukraine''. The Ukrainian Auxiliary Police was created by Heinrich Himmler in mid-August 1941 under the control of German ''Ordnungspolizei'' in General Government.〔 The actual ''Reichskommissariat Ukraine'' was formed officially on 20 August 1941.〔Jürgen Matthäus, ''( Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1941–1942. )'' AltaMira Press, p. 524.〕 The uniformed force was composed in large part of the former members of the Ukrainian People's Militia created by OUN in June. There were two categories of German-controlled Ukrainian armed organisations. The first comprised mobile police units most often called ''Schutzmannschaft'',〔 or ''Schuma'', organized on the battalion level and which engaged in anti-Jewish and anti-partisan operations in most areas of Ukraine. It was subordinated directly to the German Commander of the Order Police for the area.〔 The second category was the local police force (approximately, a constabulary), called simply the Ukrainian Police (UP) by the German administration, which the ''SS'' raised most successfully in the District of Galicia (formed 1 August 1941) extending south-east from the General Government. Notably, the District of Galicia – although considered by some to be part of the occupied Ukraine of today – was a separate administrative unit from the actual ''Reichskommissariat Ukraine''. They were not connected with each other politically. The UP formations appeared as well further east in German occupied Soviet Ukraine in significant towns and cities such as Kyiv. The urban based forces were subordinated to the city's German Commander of State protection police (''Schutzpolizei'' or Schupo); the rural police posts were subordinated to the area German Commander of Gendarmerie. The Schupo and Gendarmerie structures were themselves subordinated to the area Commander of Order Police.〔See the treatment in Dieter Pohl, ''Nationalsocialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941-1944: Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens'' (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1997), Section II.2: "Der Besatzungsapparat im Distrikt Galizien"〕 ==History== The local municipal police force (UP) in the occupied Ukrainian SSR came into existence right after the commencement of Operation Barbarossa. It was the result of an order issued on 27 July 1941 by the German commander in chief of the Order Police in occupied Kraków. The Ukrainian auxiliary police in the new District of Galicia fell under the command of the German office for the General Government. An actual ethnic Ukrainian command centre did not exist. The top Ukrainian police officer, Vladimir Pitulay, rose to the rank of major and became the district commandant (''Major der Ukrainische Polizei und Kommandeur'') in Lemberg (now Lviv). A police school was established in Lviv by the district SS-and-Police Leader in order to meet plans for growth. The school director was Ivan Kozak.〔Василь Офіцинський, (Дистрикт Галичина (1941—1944). ) Історико-політичний нарис. — Ужгород, 2001 (Vasil Oficinskiy, "District Galicia 1941–1944." The historical and political essay. Uzhgorod, 2001.) ''Citation:'' Комендантом Львівської поліції був Володимир Пітулай (Vladimir Pitulay), його заступником Лев Огоновський (Leo Ohonovskyi). Особовий склад Української допоміжної поліції формувався з молодих людей, які закінчили курси Поліційної школи у Львові. У кінці січня такі курси закінчили 186 українських поліцаїв. А 15 травня 1942 р. закінчився другий вишкільний курс, який підготував 192 поліцаїв... Українську міліцію 15 серпня 1941 р. було переорганізовано в Українську допоміжну поліцію, яка на осінь 1941 р. нараховувала 6000 чол.〕 The total number of enlisted men in the new politically independent ''Distrikt Galizien'' amounted to some 6,000 volunteers including 120 low-level officers who served there.〔 The units were used primarily to keep order and carry out constabulary duties. Their actions were restricted by other police groups such as the ''Sonderdienst'', made up of ''Volksdeutsche''; the ''Kripo'' (Criminal police); ''Bahnschutz'' (railroad and transport police); and the ''Werkschutz'', who kept order and guarded industrial plants. They were supported by the Ukrainian Protection Police and the Ukrainian Order Police.〔 In the newly formed ''Reichskommissariat Ukraine'' the auxiliary police forces were named ''Schutzmannschaft'' battalions,〔Czesław Madajczyk, ''Faszyzm i okupacje 1938-1945'', Poznań 1983, ISBN 83-210-0335-4, Vol.2, p. 359.〕〔''Schutzmannschaft'' battalions were formed by orders of Reichsführer-SS between 25 July and 31 August 1941.〕 and amounted to more than 35,000 men.〔В. Дзьобак, ( Порівняльна характеристика колаборації населення Росії й України в роки радянсько-німецької війни ) (PDF file, direct download 242 KB) Сторінки воєнної історії України Випуск 11. - Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2009; №11. (V. Dzobak ''Comparison of collaboration population of Russia and Ukraine during the Soviet-German War'' in Military History of Ukraine Vol 11. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine, 2009. № 11, page 267 (252–276).)〕 The name of the formations reflected their geographic jurisdiction.〔 The make-up of the officer corps were often representative of various local nationalities. Professor Wendy Lower from Towson University writes that although Ukrainians greatly outnumbered other non-Germans in the auxiliary police, only the ''Volksdeutsche'' Germans from Ukraine were given leadership roles.〔Prof. Wendy Lower, Towson University. ''(Local Participation in the Crimes of the Holocaust in Ukraine: Forms and Consequences )'' LMU Muenchen / Towson Univ MD.〕 Many of those who joined the ranks of the police had served as militiamen under Soviet rule since 1939.〔Timothy Snyder, ''The Reconstruction of Nations'', pg. 159.〕 Tadeusz Piotrowski wrote that the majority of ''Ukrainische Hilfspolizei'' came from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists-B,〔Tadeusz Piotrowski, ''Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947'', 1997, page 221.〕 confirmed by John-Paul Himka,〔John‐Paul Himka (20 October 2011), ( The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Ukrainian Police, and the Holocaust. ) Danyliw Research Seminar on Contemporary Ukraine.〕 although Ivan Patryljak argued that the German authorities expressly forbade drafting known nationalists. According to Andrew Gregorovich (''Ukrainian Review''), the ethnic composition of Auxiliary Police reflected the demographics of the land and included Russians, Poles, and German ''Volksdeutsche'' drafted from the local population and Soviet POWs,〔 Chapter: Jewish Holocaust in Ukraine〕 but Browning (''Ordinary Men'') and Lower both insist that, for the German administration, nobody but the "Ukrainians and local ethnic Germans could be relied upon to assist with the killing". Also, according to Aleksandr Prusin most members were ethnic Ukrainians, hence the name or the force.〔Александр Прусин (Aleksandr Prusin), ''ГОЛОКОСТ І СУЧАСНІСТЬ'' *№ 1, 2007. Національна бібліотека України. Retrieved from the Internet Archive on 11 June 2013. 〕 The auxiliary police were directly under the command of the Germanic-SS, ''Einsatzgruppen'', and military administration. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ukrainian Auxiliary Police」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|